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oracle 游标
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游标(Cursor):用来查询数据库,获取记录集合(结果集)的指针,可以让开发者一次访问一行结果集,在每条结果集上作操作。
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游标可分为:
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l 静态游标:分为显式(explicit)游标和隐式(implicit)游标。
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l REF游标:是一种引用类型,类似于指针。
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1、静态游标
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1.1显式游标
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定义格式:
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CURSOR 游标名 ( 参数 ) [返回值类型] IS
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Select 语句
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例子
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set serveroutput on
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declare
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cursor emp_cur ( p_deptid in number) is
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select * from employees where department_id = p_deptid;
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l_emp employees%rowtype;
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begin
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dbms_output.put_line('Getting employees from department 30');
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open emp_cur(30);
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loop
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fetch emp_cur into l_emp;
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exit when emp_cur%notfound;
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dbms_output.put_line('Employee id '|| l_emp.employee_id || ' is ');
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dbms_output.put_line(l_emp.first_name || ' ' || l_emp.last_name);
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end loop;
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close emp_cur;
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dbms_output.put_line('Getting employees from department 90');
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open emp_cur(90);
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loop
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fetch emp_cur into l_emp;
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exit when emp_cur%notfound;
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dbms_output.put_line('Employee id '|| l_emp.employee_id || ' is ');
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dbms_output.put_line(l_emp.first_name || ' ' || l_emp.last_name);
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end loop;
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close emp_cur;
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end;
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/
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1.2隐式游标
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不用明确建立游标变量,分两种:
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1.在PL/SQL中使用DML语言,使用ORACLE提供的名为“SQL”的隐示游标。
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举例:
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declare
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begin
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update departments set department_name=department_name;
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--where 1=2;
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dbms_output.put_line('update '|| sql%rowcount ||' records');
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end;
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/
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2.CURSOR FOR LOOP,用于for loop 语句
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举例:
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declare
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begin
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for my_dept_rec in ( select department_name, department_id from departments)
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loop
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dbms_output.put_line(my_dept_rec.department_id || ' : ' || my_dept_rec.department_name);
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end loop;
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end;
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/
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1.3游标常用属性:
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%FOUND:变量最后从游标中获取记录的时候,在结果集中找到了记录。
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%NOTFOUND:变量最后从游标中获取记录的时候,在结果集中没有找到记录。
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%ROWCOUNT:当前时刻已经从游标中获取的记录数量。
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%ISOPEN:是否打开。
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Declare
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/* 定义静态游标 */
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Cursor emps is
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Select * from employees where rownum<6 order by 1;
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Emp employees%rowtype;
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Row number :=1;
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Begin
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Open emps; /* 打开静态游标 */
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Fetch emps into emp; /* 读取游标当前行 */
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Loop
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If emps%found then
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Dbms_output.put_line('Looping over record '||row|| ' of ' || emps%rowcount);
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Fetch emps into emp;
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Row := row + 1;
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Elsif emps%notfound then
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Exit;
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End if;
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End loop;
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If emps%isopen then
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Close emps; /* 关闭游标 */
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End if;
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End;
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/
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显式和隐式游标的区别:
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尽量使用隐式游标,避免编写附加的游标控制代码(声明,打开,获取,关闭),也不需要声明变量来保存从游标中获取的数据。
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2、REF CURSOR游标
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动态游标,在运行的时候才能确定游标使用的查询。可以分为:
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l 强类型(限制)(Strong REF CURSOR),规定返回类型
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l 弱类型(非限制)(Weak REF CURSOR),不规定返回类型,可以获取任何结果集。
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定义格式:
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TYPE ref_cursor_name IS REF CURSOR [RETURN return_type]
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例如:
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Declare
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Type refcur_t is ref cursor;
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Type emp_refcur_t is ref cursor return employee%rowtype;
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Begin
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Null;
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End;
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/
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强类型举例:
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declare
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--声明记录类型
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type emp_job_rec is record(
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employee_id number,
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employee_name varchar2(50),
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job_title varchar2(30)
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);
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--声明REF CURSOR,返回值为该记录类型
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type emp_job_refcur_type is ref cursor return emp_job_rec;
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--定义REF CURSOR游标的变量
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emp_refcur emp_job_refcur_type;
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emp_job emp_job_rec;
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begin
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/* 打开动态游标 */
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open emp_refcur for
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select e.employee_id, e.first_name || ' ' ||e.last_name "employee_name",
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j.job_title
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from employees e, jobs j
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where e.job_id = j.job_id and rownum < 11 order by 1;
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/* 取游标当前行 */
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fetch emp_refcur into emp_job;
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while emp_refcur%found loop
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dbms_output.put_line(emp_job.employee_name || '''s job is ');
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dbms_output.put_line(emp_job.job_title);
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fetch emp_refcur into emp_job;
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end loop;
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end;
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/
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指定了retrun 类型,CURSOR变量的类型必须和return 类型一致。
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例子:
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CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_data AS
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TYPE empcurtyp IS REF CURSOR RETURN emp%rowtype;
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--定义Strong REF CURSOR
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PROCEDURE open_emp_cv(emp_cv IN OUT empcurtyp, choice INT);
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--根据不同的choice选择不同的CURSOR
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PROCEDURE retrieve_data(choice INT);
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--通过调用procedure open_emp_cv,返回指定的结果集。
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END emp_data;
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CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_data AS
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PROCEDURE open_emp_cv(emp_cv IN OUT empcurtyp, choice INT) IS
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--emp_cv作为传入/传出的CURSOR PARAMETER
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BEGIN
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IF choice = 1 THEN
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OPEN emp_cv FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empno < 7800;
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ELSIF choice = 2 THEN
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OPEN emp_cv FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE SAL < 1000;
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ELSIF choice = 3 THEN
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OPEN emp_cv FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename like 'J%';
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END IF;
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END;
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PROCEDURE retrieve_data(choice INT) IS
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return_cv empcurtyp;
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--定义传入open_emp_cv的CURSOR变量
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return_row emp%ROWTYPE;
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invalid_choice EXCEPTION;
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BEGIN
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--调用 procedure OPEN_EMP_CV
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open_emp_cv(retu rn_cv, choice);
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IF choice = 1 THEN
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEES with empno less than 7800');
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ELSIF choice = 2 THEN
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEES with salary less than 1000');
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ELSIF choice = 3 THEN
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEES with name starts with ''J''');
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ELSE
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RAISE invalid_choice;
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END IF;
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LOOP
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FETCH return_cv INTO return_row;
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EXIT WHEN return_cv%NOTFOUND;
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(return_row.empno || '--' || return_row.ename || '--' ||
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return_row.sal);
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END LOOP;
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EXCEPTION
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WHEN invalid_choice THEN
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The CHOICE should be in one of (1,2,3)!');
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WHEN OTHERS THEN
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Errors in procedure RETRIEVE_DATA!');
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END;
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END emp_data;
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执行:
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SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(1);
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SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(2);
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SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(3);
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SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(34);
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使用Weak REF CURSOR例子
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create or replace procedure open_cv(choice IN INT, return_cv OUT SYS_REFCURSOR) is
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--参数return_cv为weak REF CURSOR,利用SYS_CURSOR来定义
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/*使用SYS_REFCURSOR可以使变量any_cv跟任何weak REF CURSOR类型匹配。 */
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begin
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if choice = 1 then
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open return_cv for 'select * from emp';
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elsif choice = 2 then
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open return_cv for 'select * from dept';
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end if;
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end open_cv;
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CREATE or replace procedure retrieve_data(choice IN INT) is
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emp_rec emp%rowtype;
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dept_rec dept%rowtype;
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return_cv SYS_REFCURSOR;
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invalid_choice exception;
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BEGIN
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if choice=1 then
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dbms_output.put_line('employee information');
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open_cv(1,return_cv); --调用procedure open_cv;
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loop
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fetch return_cv into emp_rec;
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exit when return_cv%notfound;
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dbms_output.put_line(emp_rec.empno||'-'||emp_rec.ename||'-'||emp_rec.sal);
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end loop;
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elsif choice=2 then
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dbms_output.put_line('department information');
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open_cv(2,return_cv);
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loop
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fetch return_cv into dept_rec;
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exit when return_cv%notfound;
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dbms_output.put_line(dept_rec.deptno||'-'||dept_rec.dname||'-'||dept_rec.loc);
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end loop;
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else
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raise invalid_choice;
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end if;
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exception
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when invalid_choice then
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dbms_output.put_line('The CHOICE should be one of 1 and 2!');
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when others then
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dbms_output.put_line('Errors in procedure retrieve_data');
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END retrieve_data;
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执行:
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SQL> exec retrieve_data(1);
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SQL> exec retrieve_data(2);
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用REF CURSOR实现BULK功能
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1. 可以加速INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE语句的执行,也就是用FORALL语句来替代循环语句。
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2. 加速SELECT,用BULK COLLECT INTO 来替代INTO。
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SQL> create table tab2 as select empno ID, ename NAME, sal SALARY from emp where 1=2;
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create or replace procedure REF_BULK is
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/* 定义复杂类型 */
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type empcurtyp is ref cursor;
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type idlist is table of emp.empno%type;
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type namelist is table of emp.ename%type;
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type sallist is table of emp.sal%type;
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/* 定义变量 */
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emp_cv empcurtyp;
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ids idlist;
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names namelist;
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sals sallist;
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row_cnt number;
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begin
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open emp_cv for select empno, ename, sal from emp;
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fetch emp_cv BULK COLLECT INTO ids, names, sals;
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--将字段成批放入变量中,此时变量是一个集合
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close emp_cv;
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for i in ids.first .. ids.last loop
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dbms_output.put_line(' || ids(i) || ' || names(i) ||' salary=' || sals(i));
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end loop;
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FORALL i IN ids.first .. ids.last
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insert into tab2 values (ids(i), names(i), sals(i));
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commit;
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select count(*) into row_cnt from tab2;
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dbms_output.put_line('-----------------------------------');
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dbms_output.put_line('The row number of tab2 is ' || row_cnt);
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end REF_BULK;
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3、cursor 和 ref cursor的区别
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从技术底层看,两者是相同的。普通plsql cursor在定义时是“静态”的。而
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Ref cursors可以动态打开。
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例如下面例子:
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Declare
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type rc is ref cursor;
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cursor c is select * from dual;
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l_cursor rc;
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begin
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if ( to_char(sysdate,'dd') = 30 ) then
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open l_cursor for 'select * from emp';
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elsif ( to_char(sysdate,'dd') = 29 ) then
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open l_cursor for select * from dept;
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else
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open l_cursor for select * from dual;
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end if;
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open c;
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end;
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/
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l rc根据逻辑动态打开;而游标c定义好了只有就无法修改了。
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l ref cursor可以返回给客户端,cursor则不行。
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l cursor可以是全局的global ,ref cursor则必须定义在过程或函数中。
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l ref cursor可以在子程序间传递,cursor则不行。
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- l cursor中定义的静态sql比ref cursor效率高,所以ref cursor通常用在:向客户端返回结果集。