理解python的staticmethod与classmethod实现
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来源:http://luozhaoyu.iteye.com/blog/1506376
python在类中,有三种调用method的方法:普通method,staticmethod和classmethod
前两个应该都好理解,classmethod就是在调用这个函数的时候,会把调用对象的class object对象隐式地传进去。咦?这个class object不是一个类型?No,在python里面,class object不像静态语言一样是个类型,它在虚拟机中,就是一个对象
普通method调用需要把自己self作为参数传递,初学的时候怎么着也不能理解,不过看多了就自然熟悉了。比较奇怪的是 staticmethod和classmethod不像静态语言一样,通过保留关键字定义,而是使用@staticmethod或者 staticmethod()这种builtin函数进行定义。这个@staticmethod到底是个什么东东?
- @staticmethod
- def foo(x):
- print(x)
之前用过java,所以第一反应这是个annotation……唔,确实感觉像个AOP的东西,python里把它称作decorator。如果我们要自己实现一个staticmethod,该怎么写呢?
研究了下官方的代码,我再改了改,感觉应该这样写:
- def foo(x):
- print(x)
- class StaticMethod(object):
- def __init__(self, function):
- print("__init__() called")
- self.f = function
- def __get__(self, instance, owner):
- print("\t__get__() called")
- print("\tINFO: self = %s, instance =%s, owner = %s" % (self, instance, owner))
- return self.f
- class Class1(object):
- method = StaticMethod(foo)
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- ins = Class1()
- print("ins = %s, Class1 = %s" % (ins, Class1))
- print("ins.method = %s, Class1.method = %s" % (ins.method, Class1.method))
- ins.method('abc')
- Class1.method('xyz')
输出结果是:
- __init__() called
- ins = <__main__.Class1 object at 0xece2d0>, Class1 = <class '__main__.Class1'>
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =<__main__.Class1 object at 0xece2d0>, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
-
ins.method =
0xeb6c00 >, Class1.method =0xeb6c00> - __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =<__main__.Class1 object at 0xece2d0>, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
- abc
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
- xyz
嗯,看上去一切都挺顺利,Class1包含了一个变量method,不过这个method其实也是一个特殊处理过的StaticMethod类。 这个类中有一个__get__函数,当类被“get”的时候,被访问的时候,会默认把访问者的instance和class信息都传进来。所以我们看到不 管是否调用method()这个函数,只要碰着了method,这个函数就会触发,就会打印出当前instance和class信息。虽然ins和 Class1的instance各有不同,但__get__函数中只是返回foo函数,所以这里调用method之时就没有区别,调用的都是同一个 function对象。
好的,那么classmethod又如何实现呢?
- def foo2(cls, x):
- print("foo2's class = ", cls)
- print(x)
- class ClassMethod(object):
- def __init__(self, function):
- print("ClassMethod: __init__() called")
- self.f = function
- def __get__(self, instance, owner = None):
- print("\t__get__() called")
- print("\tINFO: self = %s, instance =%s, owner = %s" % (self, instance, owner))
- def tmpfunc(x):
- print("I'm tmpfunc")
- return self.f(owner, x)
- return tmpfunc
- class Class2(object):
- method = ClassMethod(foo2)
- class Class21(Class2):
- pass
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- ins = Class2()
- print("ins.method = %s, Class2.method = %s, Class21.method = %s" % (ins.method, Class2.method, Class21.method))
- ins.method('abc')
- Class2.method('xyz')
- Class21.method('asdf')
输出结果是:
- ClassMethod: __init__() called
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =<__main__.Class2 object at 0xdeb350>, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class21'>
-
ins.method =
0xdee050 >, Class2.method =0xdee1e8>, Class21.method = 0xdee270> - __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =<__main__.Class2 object at 0xdeb350>, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
- I'm tmpfunc
-
foo2's class =
__main__.Class2'> - abc
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
- I'm tmpfunc
-
foo2's class =
__main__.Class2'> - xyz
- __get__() called
- INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class21'>
- I'm tmpfunc
-
foo2's class =
__main__.Class21'> - asdf
可以看出,classmethod和staticmethod的实现方法是大同小异。staticmethod比较简单,直接返回self.f变 量就好了,而classmethod不行,需要把调用时候的class类型信息传给foo2函数,这个函数根据接收的class信息来作不同的工作。(不 过我现在也没有想到可以用来做些什么)
有个地方值得注意,可能同志们刚才也已经想到了,我一定必须要定义一个tempfunc,再返回它才能完成工作吗?可不可以不要
- def tmpfunc(x):
- print("I'm tmpfunc")
- return self.f(owner, x)
- return tmpfunc
而直接返回一个
- return self.f(owner, *args)
?
我刚试了一把,直接传args默认参数是不行的,因为__get__被调用的时候,还没有把参数传进来。只有return tmpfunc之后,Class2.method('xyz')的参数才挂在tmpfunc之上。
当然,如果有朋友成功做到了,请一定留言告诉我XD
小结:看来staticmethod和classmethod实现不是很困难,多亏了__get__函数帮忙。前文也提到__get__被调用时 会把instance和class信息都填进来,真是帮了很大忙。但是,这个__get__函数到底又是怎么一回事?为什么这么神奇?这里卖个关子,本文 先不讲了,下篇博文再看看这个__get__函数吧